The solar coronal mass ejection (CME) is a global phenomenon that not only disrupts the solar atmosphere but also leads to hazardous space weather events when propagating through the heliosphere. The forecast capability of the CME impacts depends critically on our understanding about the plasma environment of the CME source region, and the physical processes involved when CME interacts with...
The source regions of the solar wind, and their drivers and acceleration mechanisms, remain key topics of study in heliophysics with many open questions. One of the major challenges is to connect heliospheric measurements of the solar wind and solar energetic particles with possible source regions in the solar atmosphere, such as active region outflows and coronal holes, and there are now...
Magnetic Flux Ropes (MFRs) are free-energy-carrying, three-dimensional magnetized plasma structures characterized by twisted magnetic field lines and are widely considered the core structure of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) propagating in the interplanetary space. The way MFRs form remains unclear as different theories predict that either MFRs form during the initiation of the CME or pre-exist...
